Removal of malachite green and congo red from aqueous media using graphite carbon nitride (g-c3n4): a review
1 Department of Chemistry, Al al-Bayt University, P.O.BOX 130040, Mafraq 25113, Jordan
2 Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
3 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
4 Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
5 Department of Chemical Engineering, Al-Bayan University, Baghdad, Iraq
6 Department of Chemistry, AL-Nisour University College/ Baghdad/ Iraq
7 Department of Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
8 College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
9 College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Iraq
10 College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Iraq
2 Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
3 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
4 Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
5 Department of Chemical Engineering, Al-Bayan University, Baghdad, Iraq
6 Department of Chemistry, AL-Nisour University College/ Baghdad/ Iraq
7 Department of Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
8 College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
9 College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Iraq
10 College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Iraq
Abstract
As industries continue to release pollutants into the environment, the preservation of the environment has become a crucial concern. Among these pollutants, dye pollutants are particularly dangerous because they degrade slowly and pose a threat to aquatic life. In this paper, the removal and degradation of two dangerous dye contaminants, Malachite Green (MG) and Congo red (CR), by gC3N4 and its composites and derivatives, were investigated. The results have shown that these composites have effectively removed both CR and MG dye contaminants from aqueous media in almost all studies, with a high degradation rate of over 90%. Also, in all studies, composites and derivatives of g-C3N4 have been found to destroy these two dye pollutants more effectively than g-C3N4 alone. Finally, as a general outcome, g-C3N4 and its composites can be utilized on a large scale in the textile industry to eliminate dye contaminants and aid in preserving the environment for future generations.
Keywords
congo red (CR); environment; g-C3N4; malachite green (MG); pollutants